Abstract:

Introduction: coronavirus (COVID) pandemic has caused temporary changes in work algorithms of different hospitals, that have not previously provided care for infectious patients. However, the consequences of COVID go beyond infectious pathology. Widespread use of therapeutic doses of anticoagulants as a necessary treatment option and resistant to treatment, cough as a typical symptom, led to an increase in spontaneous ruptures of epigastric arteries with hematomas of abdominal wall, which was an undesirable complication of the main disease.

Aim: was to demonstrate possibilities of endovascular methods in treatment of patients with spontaneous rupture of epigastric arteries on the background of COVID-19 and anticoagulant therapy.

Material and methods: at joinant infectious hospital, inpatient care was provided to 421 patients with coronavirus infection. At the same time, during treatment 9 patients had hematomas of abdominal wall and two of them had spontaneous rupture of rectus abdominis muscle and branches of inferior epigastric artery were damaged. In this article, we present both observations demonstrating the potential of endovascular surgery in treatment of such lesions in patients with COVID-19. Both patients, on the 6 and 10th day of inpatient treatment (severity of lung involvement was Grade 1 and Grade 2) during intense coughing, noted pain and swelling of anterior abdominal wall, accompanied by clinical and laboratory signs of blood loss. Computed tomography angiography (CT-A) revealed extravasation from small branches of inferior epigastric artery with an extensive hematoma that spread into the retroperitoneal space. In a hybrid operating room, a selective embolization of inferior (in one case, due to the high localization of the hematoma, inferior and superior) epigastric artery with an adhesive composition (N-butyl cyanoacrylate with iodolipol) was performed with successful angiographic and clinical results. Patients were discharged without complications on the 7th and 9th days of the postoperative period.

Conclusion: timely CT-diagnostic of severe bleeding, even in cases with atypical localization, and its management by selective embolization of damaged artery is the basis in treatment of spontaneous (cough-associated) ruptures of rectus abdominis muscle in patients with new coronavirus infection.

Abstract:

Introduction: treatment of patients with bilobar metastatic liver disease remains an unsolved problem. Among methods of regional chemotherapy, the least studied is isolated liver chemoperfusion, which is an unpopular technique due to its high trauma and difficult reproducibility.

Aim: was to demonstrate the method of endovascular isolated liver chemoperfusion (EILHP) developed by us.

Case report: EILCP was performed using a heart-lung machine (HLM) in a patient with cancer of the rectum, stage 2 (pT3N0M0), after combined treatment (radiation therapy (SOD 60 Gy) + anterior resection of the rectum in 2007). Disease progression. Isolated metastatic liver disease (01.2021). Isolated chemoperfusion was performed endovascularly using 2-balloon catheters, which provided vascular isolation of the liver and its isolated perfusion during the procedure. Posi- tioning of balloon catheters was performed in an open way through femoral artery and vein. Perfusion was carried out for 30 minutes with chemotherapy drugs (CtD) oxaliplatin 42,5 mg/m² and irinotecan 82,5 mg/m² injected directly into the circuit.

Results: the duration of intervention was 160 minutes, intraoperative blood loss was 50 ml. During insertion and positioning of aortic balloon, a limited dissection of the aorta developed in area of left common iliac artery deviation, which did not require any intervention in postoperative period. Duration of intensive care unit stay was 1 day. There were no complications associated with aortic dissection during 3-month follow-up. Level of ALT and AST remained within reference values during entire postoperative period. No hematological toxicity was observed. Patient was discharged on the 7th day after operation in satisfactory condition.

Patient underwent control CT scan of abdominal organs, 30 days after endovascular isolated chemoperfusion of the liver. According to the RECIST scale, stabilization of tumor process was noted.

Conclusions: proposed technique of endovascular isolated liver chemoperfusion is technically feasible and safe. The use of this method may be appropriate in treatment of patients with isolated liver metastases who require dose reduction of chemotherapeutic agents due to their severe toxicity or high patient comorbidity.

Abstract:

Introduction: treatment of patients with primary malignant neoplasms (PMN) of head and neck remains an unsolved problem. About 70% of neoplasms are unresectable, and one-year mortality rate reaches 90%.

Aim: was to demonstrate possibilities of using the technique of isolated chemoperfusion of head and neck (ICPHN) developed by us in the experiment.

Material and methods: ICPHN was performed using the method of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on two non-human primates (hamadryas baboons), 20 kg males, 12–14 years old. The open version of intervention involved performing sternotomy, cannulation of brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) and superior vena cava (SVC) with their subsequent clamping after starting parallel ECMO. The endovascular version was made by overlapping the BCA and SVC with transfemorally inserted balloon catheters. Cannulation for ECMO was performed percutaneously through the axillary artery and vein. Perfusion was carried out for 30 minutes with a chemotherapy (CP) drug carboplatin at a dose of 150 mg injected immediately into the circuit.

Results: both procedures were carried out successfully with good immediate and long-term (30 days of follow-up) results. After 10, 20 and 30 minutes from the moment of CP injection into the isolated circuit, its content in the circuit was 7-10 times, 3-3,5 times and 4-4,5 times exceeding the concentration in the systemic circulation, respectively. During the perioperative period, vital functions and laboratory parameters were within normal limits. No complications associated with both procedures were observed. All animals quickly recovered from anesthesia without signs of neurological disorders.

Conclusions: the use of isolated chemoperfusion of head and neck with carboplatin in the experiment is feasible and safe. In the head and neck contour, the concentration of CP is observed, 3-5 times higher than in the systemic circulation, and that allows a more pronounced targeted effect on tumor. Taking into account the minimally invasiveness and repeatability of the procedure, the use of endovascular isolated chemoperfusion of head and neck is more promising.

References

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Abstract

Background: ongoing abdominal and pelvic bleeding is one of main causes of deaths among patients with penetrating and blunt trauma. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a method for temporary patient's stabilization and reducing blood loss.

Aim: was to present result of work of 1st-level trauma-center: to describe experience of application of methodics of REBOA in center, to estimate its efficacy on the base of retrospective analysis of hospital charts of injured and heavy damaged patients.

Materials and methods: during the period between April 2013 and November 2017, 14 REBOA procedures to patients with abdominal (thoracic aorta occlusion) and pelvic (occlusion of the aortic bifurcation) bleeding were performed at the War Surgery Department of the «KirovMilitaryMedicalAcademy». A decision to do REBOA was made upon admission according to significant hypotension (systolic blood pressure [sBP] less than 70 mm Hg.) or cardiac arrest, abdominal free fluid and/or mechanically unstable pelvic fractures.

Results: mean time from admission to REBOA was 27,5 [10,0-52,5] minutes. The procedure took 10 [5-13] minutes. Average BP elevation after balloon inflation was 43±16 mm Hg. Survival in acute phase of trauma (first 12 hours) was 57.1%, while total survival rate was only 14.3% (2/14 patients). One REBOA-associated major complication was registered - development of irreversible ischemia due to long sheath dwell time in the femoral artery.

Conclusion: REBOA is effective for temporary hemodynamic stabilization and internal hemorrhage control, it allows increasing early survival in severe trauma. Factors to improve short- and long-term outcome, total survival warrant to be additionally investigated, especially in terms of intensive care improvement.

References

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10.   Brenner M., Hoehn M., Pasley J. et al. Basic endovascular skills for trauma course: bridging the gap between endovascular techniques and the acute care surgeon. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 77 (2): 286-291.

11.   DuBose J., Fabian T., Bee T. et al. Contemporary utilization of resuscitative thoracotomy: results from the AAST aortic occlusion for resuscitation in trauma and acute care surgery (AORTA) multicenter registry. Shock. 2018; 50 (4): 414-420.

12.   Gumanenko E.K. An objective assessment of the severity of injuries. Voenno-medicinskij zhurnal. 1996; 317 (10): 25-34 [In Russ].

13.   Samokhvalov I.M., Reva V.A., Pronchenko A.A., Agliulin V.F. Comparison of the effectiveness of emergency thoracotomy in wounded and injured. Zdorov'e. Medicinskaja jekologija. Nauka. 2012; 1-2 (47-48): 43 [In Russ].

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Abstract:

Open surgery is a basis of treatment of major vascular injuries, although some of injuries can be treated by means of endovascular surgery

Aim: was to investigate the possibility of endovascular treatment of full transection of major arteries. Material and methods: а retrospective analysis of patients histories of 52 patients with limbs' vascular injuries was performed. Opinions of physicians of different surgical specialties about practicability of endovascular technologies use in trauma surgery were investigated. Using a created stand-desk, consisted with container filled with gelatin mass, simulating a hematoma in a zone of vascular rupture, plunged into gelatin ends of silicone tubes 6 mm in internal diameter, and a web-camera fixed above the stand, comparative analysis of efficacy of 6 different methods of vessel recanalization was done.

Results: еndovascular methods of treatment can be performed in 42,3% of patients with major arterial injuries. Of those, 13,5% of patients may need to undergo recanalization of full vascular transection followed by stent-graft implantation. Our study demonstrated the possibility of through-and-through recanalization of the full major vascular transection, and most effective methods of recanalization - methods with use of a special endovascular loop, a retrieval device, and a standard folded guidewire. Preliminary balloon inflation inside a proximal part of the artery should be considered in case of unstable hemodynamics of a patient.

The questionnaire showed that integration of endovascular surgical methods is perspective for the future of trauma surgery; however, there are some retaining obstacles such as organizational and fiscal issues. It is likely that training of general surgeons in basic endovascular skills is practical. 

References

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2.    Samokhvalov I.M. Boevye povrezhdeniya magistral'nykh sosudov: diagnostika i lechenie na etapakh meditsinskoj evakuatsii. Diss. doct. med. nauk [Wartime major vascular injuries: diagnosis and treatment on echelons of care. Doct. med. sci. diss.]. St.Petersburg. 1994; 389 [In Russ].

3.     White J.M., Stannard A., Burkhardt G.E. et al. The epidemiology of vascular injury in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Ann. Surg. 2011; 263(6):1184-1189. 

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11.   Bocharov S.M. Angiograficheskaya diagnostika i endovaskulyarnoe lechenie pri travme arterij. Diss. kand. med. nauk [Angiographic diagnosis and endovascular treatment in arterial trauma. Cand. med. sci. diss.]. Moscow. 2008: 103 [In Russ].

12.   Chernaya N.R., Muslimov R.Sh., Selina I.E. et al. Endovaskulyarnoe i khirurgicheskoe lechenie bol'nogo s travmaticheskim razryvom aorty i pechenochnoj arterii. [Endovascular and surgical treatment of a patient with traumatic rupture of the aorta and the hepatic artery]. Angiologiya i sosudistaya khirurgiya. 2016; 22(1):176-181 [In Russ].

13.   Reva V.A., Petrov A.N., Samokhvalov I.M. Stentirovanie poverhnostnoj bedrennoj arterii pri ee bokovom povrezhdenii. [Stenting of superficial femoral artery in correction of its side damage]. Diagn. Intern Radiol. 2014; 8(3):105-108 [In Russ].

14.   Villamaria C.Y, Eliason J.L., Napolitano L.M. et al. Endovascular Skills for Trauma and Resuscitative Surgery (ESTARS) course: curriculum development, content validation, and program assessment. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(4):929-935.

15.   Brenner M., Hoehn M., Pasley J. et al. Basic endovascular skills for trauma course: bridging the gap between endovascular techniques and the acute care surgeon. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 77(2):286-291.

16.   Reva V.A. Obuchajushhie kursy po hirurgii povrezhdenij i endovaskuljarnoj hirurgii pri travmah v Jerebru (Shvecija). [Educational course on trauma surgery and endovascular surgery for trauma in Orebro (Sweden)] . Voen.-med. Jowrn. 2015; 336(12):78-81 [In Russ].

17.   Tsurukiri J., Ohta S., Mishima S. et al. Availability of on-site acute vascular interventional radiology techniques performed by trained acute care specialists: A single-emergency center experience. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017; 82(1):126-132.

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19.   Rohlffs F., Larena-Avellaneda A.A., Petersen J.P et al. Through-and-through wire technique for endovascular damage control in traumatic proximal axillary artery transection. Vascular. 2015; 23 (1): 99-101.

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21.   Gilani R., Tsai PI., Wall M.J. Jr., Mattox K.L. Overcoming challenges of endovascular treatment of complex subclavian and axillary artery injuries in hypotensive patients. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 73(3): 771-773. 

Abstract:

A case report of successful treatment of a penetrating stab injury of the superficial femoral artery ir the adductor canal using uncovered stent. While stenting is usually used in major arteries for an intimal defeat and/or dissection due to blunt trauma, sometimes this type of penetrating injury pattern allows performing uncovered stent implantation. In this case report, it was a small side injury of vessel with the impression of the arterial wall inside the lumen resulting less than 50% stenosis and the absence of active extravasation during angiography Prior to stenting, balloon angioplasty was not effective to affect the intimal tear completely Good final angiographic and functional outcome with fast complete recovery let us draw a conclusion of the possibility of usage of uncovered stents Г certain cases with specific penetrating injury pattern.

Refernces

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2.     Rasmussen T.E., Clouse W.D., Peck M.A. et al. Development and implementation of endovascular capabilities in wartime. J. Trauma. 2008; 64 (5): 1169-1176.

3.     Teixeira P.G., Inaba K., Hadjizacharia P. et al. Preventable or potentially preventable mortality at a mature trauma center. J. Trauma. 2007; 63 (6): 1338-1347.

4.     Bocharov S.M. Angiograficheskaja diagnostika i jendovaskuljarnoe lechenie pri travme arterij. Diss. kand. med. nauk [Angiographic diagnosis and endovascular treatment in arterial trauma. Cand. med. sci. diss.]. Moscow. 2008: 103 [In Russ].

5.     Sin'kov M.A., Murashkovski A.L., Pogorelov E.A. et al. Endovaskulyarnoe zakrytie jatrogennogo arteriovenoznogo soust'ja podvzdoshnoj arterii i veny. [Endovascular closure of iatrogenic arteriovenous anastomosis of the iliac artery and vein]. Angiologiya i sosudistaya khirurgiya. 2014; 20 (1): 80-84. [In Russ].

6.     Chernyavskiy A.M., Osiev A.G., Grankin D.S. et al. Endovaskulyarniy metod lecheniya anevrizmy podkluchichnoi arterii s pomoschiu stent-graphta. [Endovascular method of treatment of subclavian artery aneurysm with stent-graft implantation]. Angiologiya i sosudistaya khirurgiya. 2003; 3: 122-123. [In Russ].

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8.     Nicholson A.A. Vascular radiology in trauma. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2004; 27 (2): 105-120.

9.     Assali A.R., Sdringola S., Moustapha A. et al. Endovascular repair of traumatic pseudoaneurysm by uncovered self-expandable stenting with or without transstent coiling of the aneurysm cavity. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2001; 53 (2): 253-258.

10.   Fox N., Rajani R.R., Bokhari F. et al. Evaluation and management of penetrating lower extremity arterial trauma: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 73 (5, Suppl. 4): S315-S320.

11.   Sofue K., Sugimoto K., Mori T. et al. Endovascular uncovered Wallstent placement for life-threatening isolated iliac vein injury caused by blunt pelvic trauma. Jpn. J. Radiol. 2012; 30 (8): 680-683.